Hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry chapter edubuzz notes. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Alkanes alkanes are the simplest class of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon double bonds are called alkenes. Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes. Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds, and alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds. Alkenes and alkynes page 2 of 2 trans isomerism because the.
Just like other hydrocarbons alkanes and alkenes alkynes also do not react with a water molecule. Methods of preparation of alkanes 1 from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkanes page 1 of 3 organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. All organic compounds can be considered as hydrocarbons or compounds derived. Acidity of alkynes terminal alkynes are acidic in nature alkanes, alkenes and alkynes follow the following trend in their acidic behaviour. Alkynes contain one or more carboncarbon triple bonds.
Just to get the terminology out of the way, well be looking at whats known as hydrocarbons, which essentially covers molecules that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. Organic chemistry hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes page. The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. The second article part 2 is on alkenes and alkynes. Alkenes undergo three types of main reactions, which are as. The best app for cbse students now provides hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of cbse exams and school based annual examinations. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes. They are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only and contain two types of bonds, carbon hydrogen ch and carboncarbon cc single covalent bonds. React the alkyne with sodium in liquid ammonia to form a trans alkene. Since alkynes show geometrical isomerism, alkynes can be reduced to give cis or trans alkene depending upon the nature of catalyst used. Hydrocarbons with carboncarbon triple bonds are called alkynes.
Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. Thus, alkynes are very reactive, and with the exception of ethyne, commonly referred to as acetylene c 2 h 2, they are not commonly encountered. Carbon is unique in that it can form up to four bonds in a compound, so they can easily bond with other carbon atoms, forming long chains or rings. Pdf organic chemistry basics and hydrocarbons notes download.
The process of addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compounds in presence of a catalyst is called hydrogenation or reduction. Rules underlying iupac nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed below. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Alkynes have higher boiling points than alkanes or alkenes, because the electric field of an alkyne, with its increased number of weakly held.
Alkenes will undergo additional reactions with molecules like bromine. Aromatic hydrocarbon aromatic compounds containing benzene ring are known as benzenoids and those not containing a benzene ring are known as nonbenzenoids. Collectively, they are called unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are defined as hydrocarbons having one or more multiple double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Pyrolysis of higher alkanes to give a mixture of lower alkanes, alkenes, etc. When alkynes and halogens like bromine react, halogen will add itself to the structure of the alkynes and result in halogen substituted alkenes. Here is a list of the first 10 alkanes and a look at how to name them.
Alkenes are unsaturated compounds, which makes them highly reactive. We study alkenes and alkynes both unsaturated hydrocarbons in chapters 4 and 5, and arenes also unsaturated hydrocarbons in chapter 9. In this century, the need for standardization was recognized. Some other functional groups contain nitrogen atoms, such as the amines and amides. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from. As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have. Use a special catalyst, lindlars catalyst to convert an alkyne to a cis alkene. In case of alkenes double bond linkages are seen and in alkynes, triple bond linkages are present. Alkanes an aliphatic hydrocarbon with only single covalent bonds.
Alkanes and cycloalkanes section 2 of organic chemistry notes is 18 pages in length page 21 through page 218 and covers all youll need to know about the following lecturebook topics. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or. Naming and drawing alkanes for each, draw a structural diagram line, condensed or complete 2. When it comes to alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, the acidity is in the order of alkynes alkenes alkanes. Nov 28, 2016 alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes britannica. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes article pdf available in journal of engineering and applied sciences july 2018. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. Identify alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
Hydrocarbon derivatives and their uses pdf activity. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The combustion of hydrocarbons is a primary source of energy for our society. The group of unsaturated hydrocarbons includes alkenes, alkadienes and alkynes. This article provides the revision notes of the hydrocarbons chapter of class 11 for the students so that they can give a quick glance at the chapter. Chapter 2 hydrocarbons a hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons that contain no multiple bonds are called alkanes. Polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes and alkynes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. This file contains 16 line structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. For each write the correct tupac namc for cach, draw a structural diagram inc, condensed or complete 17. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i free download as powerpoint presentation. The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes a hydrocarbon that contains no double bonds is called an alkane, or hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds. Compounds with at least one double or triple bond 2. Mathematically, this can be indicated by the following general formulas. Chapter 8 alkenes and alkynes i alkene hydrocarbons. Dec 30, 2019 in todays session, master teacher arvind arora sir takes you through the important topics of hydrocarbons, properties of alkynes lecture 10, as it is one of the most important and scoring topics.
Students will match structural formulas to the names of the hydrocarbons in a chain. Some hydrocarbons have electrophilic and nucleophilic. Hydrocarbon jee advanced level sheet hello students, in this post, i am sharing another excellent assignment namely hydrocarbon jee advanced level problem sheet consisting of 60 wonderful questions on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes for jee chemistry portion as per requests received from students. Detailed chapter notes alkanes, class 11, chemistry. The general formula of this class of organic compound is c n h 2n2. Page 1 naming alkynes o naming alkynes is just like naming alkanes o to start, replace the ending ane with yne o triple bonds get the lowest possible number on the parent carbon chain. These are known as sabatier and senderen s reactions. Download in free pdf hydrocarbons are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Ethylene and acetylene are synonyms in the iupac nomenclature system for ethene and ethyne, respectively. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics. We study alkanes saturated hydrocarbons in this chapter. Compound with only single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbons. In chapter 7, we noted that alkanes saturated hydrocarbonshave relatively few important chemical properties other than that they undergo combustion and. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
Ppt alkanes and alkenes powerpoint presentation free to. Oxidization of 3 0 alkane tertiary alkanes are oxidized to tertiary alcoholsby kmno4. Alkene olefins open chain, unsaturated hydrocarbons with general formula cnh2n. The first three types are presented in this chapter, and aromatics are presented in a later chapter. Mar 02, 2014 alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carboncarbon single covalent bonds.
Students may need a listing of the prefixes used to name carbon compounds as well as a list of the main substituents like br, cl, f, etc. There are three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The naming system for alkynes follows the conventions for the alkanes and alkenes, however the presence of the triple bond is indicated by the yne termination. Historically, chemists developed names for new compounds without any systematic guidelines.
Determination of an equilibrium constant using spectroscopy. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with cc bonds and alkynes are hydrocarbons with c. The least number of hydrogen atoms is present in alkynes among alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkenes and alkynes, on the other hand, are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Add lots of h2 with metal catalyst pd, pt, or ni to reduce alkyne to alkane, completely saturated. Bromine is a reactor molecule and it reacts with the double bond portion of an alkene to give you a. The sodium salt of carboxylic acids on strong heating with soda lime. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. This group of compounds is a homologous series with the general molecular formula of cnh2n 2 the alkyne triple bond is. A hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboncarbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings is classi. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. Write the name of each of the hydrocarbon molecules shown below.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, so the study of organic chemistry is important because all living things are based on carbon compounds. The aim of this study was to determine some of the limitations of the hydrocarbon substrate range of this enzyme. Properties and uses of hydrocarbon contd activity crude oil and fuels handout video using hydrocarbons in our lives. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Alkenes contain one or more carboncarbon double bonds. Hydrocarbon for iitjee alkanes alkenes alkynes alp. Pdf polar and nonpolar molecules covalent bonds and. Lecture outline class odds and ends defining unsaturation in hydrocarbons naming alkenes and alkynes cis and trans isomers reactions of alkenes and alkynes o hydrogenation o halogenation o hydrohalogenation o hydration. Alkanes are saturated, open chain hydrocarbons containing carboncarbon single bonds. Most of these chemical reactions occur at the carboncarbon double bonds. Hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry mycbseguide cbse. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. Organic chemistry hydrocarbon alkane notes handwritten.
Physical properties of alkanes organic chemistry tutorial. Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons date. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms than comparable alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms. The three simplest families of hydrocarbons are known as the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Carbon is unique in the periodic table in that it is the only element that has a whole branch of chemistry dedicated to this study by itself. The first stable of an alkyne is ethyne or acetylene. Chemistry alkanes and alkenes pure hydrocarbons because the main use of. In this organic chemistry hydrocarbon alkane notes we discuss following topics. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and. The catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes occurs faster than that of alkenes to alkanes. Determination of the % fe in an unknown by titration. Oct 10, 2018 cbse chemistry chapter hydrocarbons class 11 notes chemistry in pdf are available for free download in mycbseguide mobile app.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbon lecture1 in todays session, vt sir will teach you hydrocarbon alkane, alkene, alkyne. Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains different between hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons l 10 properties of alkynes ncert chemistry.
Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only, e. Organic nomenclature alkanes, alkenes, alkynes naming organic compounds can be a challenge to any chemist at any level. Main idea alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. It consist of passing hydrogen gas through alkenes or alkynes in the presence of finely divided nickel at 523 573 k. Many functional groups contain oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. In addition, the type of bonding in organic compounds is almost always covalent. Hydrocarbons introduction alkanes isomerism preparation of alkanes physical properties of alkanes reactions of alkanes alkene introduction and isomerism preparation of alkenes physical properties of alkenes reactions of alkenes alkyne introduction, isomerism and preparation physical properties of alkynes reactions of alkynes aromatic. In these organic chemistry basics and hydrocarbons notes pdf, you will study the recapitulation of fundamentals of organic chemistry and the introduction of a new concept of visualizing the organic molecules in a threedimensional space. They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons 365 unit after studying this unit, you will be able to name hydrocarbons according to iupac system of nomenclature. The term unsaturated means that these chemicals contain less hydrogens than fully saturated carbon chains as found in alkanes i. In an alkane molecule, all the outer electrons of each carbon are used in forming single covalent bonds with four other atoms, hence, alkanes are said to be saturated. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond between two carbon atoms. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it.
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